Three mountain range regions shape its territory, at an altitude of 5,900 feet in the City of Aguascalientes. One half of the state's total area is flat, including the Calvillo Valley, with good soil - thickness and drainage, as the most significant agricultural region.

The valleys are irrigated by some twenty rivers and brooks, which drain 190 mllion cubic meters into the basins. Aguascalientes took its name from the abundance of hotsprings, whose underwater natural deposits cover 31% of the states territory, and provide mineral baths and swimming to natives and visitors. 78% of the water pumped goes into agriculture, 14% into human consumption in the cities, 6% into livestock and rural consumption, and 2% into industrial production.

Out of the state's 1,380,483 acres, 479,027 (34.7%) are used in agriculture, mostly by irriagation; pasture land accounts for 165,657 acres, with a similar acrage taken up by forest land (trees are mostly pine, holm-oak and tescate). Urban areas cover 6% of the territory.